See kołtun on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low Prussian",
"lang_code": "nds-lpr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Koltung"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":bor<ref:<span class=\"cited-source\">Boryś, Wiesław (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2005), “kołtun”, in <cite>Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego</cite> (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, <small>→ISBN</small></span></span> !!! <span class=\"cited-source\">Mańczak, Witold (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2017), “kołtun”, in <cite>Polski słownik etymologiczny</cite> (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, <small>→ISBN</small></span></span> !!! <span class=\"cited-source\">Sławski, Franciszek (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1958-1965), “kołtun”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, <cite>Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego</cite> [<cite>Etymological dictionary of the Polish language</cite>] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego</span></span> !!! <span class=\"cited-source\">Brückner, Aleksander (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1927), “kołtun”, in <cite>Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego</cite> [<cite>Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language</cite>] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna</span></span>>",
"3": "zle-muk:ковту́н<ety:af<sla-pro:*kъltati><sla-pro:*-unъ>>",
"etydate": "1600<ref:<span class=\"cited-source\">Maria Renata Mayenowa, <span style=\"cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted currentcolor\" title=\"[[w:pl:Stanisław Rospond (językoznawca)|Stanisław Rospond]], [[w:Witold Taszycki]], [[w:pl:Stefan Hrabec|Stefan Hrabec]], [[w:pl:Władysław Kuraszkiewicz|Władysław Kuraszkiewicz]]\">et al., editors (2010-2023), “kołtun”, in <cite>Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku</cite> [<cite>A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish</cite>]</span></span>>",
"text": "*",
"tree": "+"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Slavic *kъltati\nProto-Balto-Slavic *-ūnas\nProto-Slavic *-ynъ\nProto-Slavic *-unъ\nMiddle Ukrainian ковту́н (kovtún)bor.\nPolish kołtun\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*kъltati\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-ūnas\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-ynъ\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-unъ\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle Ukrainian\", \"term\" : \"ковту́н\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"zle-muk\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"kołtun\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"kołtun\">\nBorrowed from Middle Ukrainian ковту́н (kovtún), from Proto-Slavic *kъltati + *-unъ. First attested in 1600.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Slavic *kъltati\nProto-Balto-Slavic *-ūnas\nProto-Slavic *-ynъ\nProto-Slavic *-unъ\nMiddle Ukrainian ковту́н (kovtún)bor.\nPolish kołtun\nBorrowed from Middle Ukrainian ковту́н (kovtún), from Proto-Slavic *kъltati + *-unъ. First attested in 1600.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kołtonik",
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtuny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtuny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtuny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in",
"dim": "kołtonik<l:dialectal>"
},
"expansion": "kołtun m inan (diminutive (dialectal) kołtonik)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"koł‧tun"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"koł‧tun"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "pl:Medicine",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "17 24 13 0 3 0 0 24 0 6 12 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Hair",
"orig": "pl:Hair",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 17 9 6 6 6 2 14 2 5 15 8",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Plant diseases",
"orig": "pl:Plant diseases",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mat (hard lump of hair on the head caused by poor hygiene)"
],
"id": "en-kołtun-pl-noun-uO70iLn5",
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"mat",
"mat"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) mat (hard lump of hair on the head caused by poor hygiene)"
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "pl:Medicine",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 66 2 3 4 3 1 3 1 3 10 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Eastern Kraków Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 63 2 3 3 3 8 3 1 2 7 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Far Masovian Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 57 1 1 3 1 0 1 0 5 25 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 64 3 3 4 3 2 4 1 3 8 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Northern Greater Poland Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 32 3 4 7 3 1 4 1 10 23 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 42 2 2 4 2 1 2 1 5 31 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 38 2 2 7 2 1 2 1 12 27 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 28 4 4 7 4 1 5 1 10 22 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 32 3 4 7 3 1 4 1 10 23 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 57 2 3 4 2 1 3 1 6 15 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 57 2 3 4 2 1 3 1 6 15 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 62 2 2 4 2 1 2 1 5 15 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 49 2 2 7 2 1 2 0 7 19 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 64 3 3 3 3 1 5 1 2 8 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 55 3 3 5 3 2 4 1 4 13 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 61 2 2 4 2 1 3 1 5 14 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 60 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 3 19 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sieradz Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 58 2 2 3 8 7 2 1 3 8 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Suwałki Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 66 2 3 4 3 1 3 1 3 10 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Western Kraków Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 24 13 0 3 0 0 24 0 6 12 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Hair",
"orig": "pl:Hair",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 17 9 6 6 6 2 14 2 5 15 8",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Plant diseases",
"orig": "pl:Plant diseases",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 58 3 2 10 2 1 4 2 3 9 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Łowicz Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mat (hard lump of hair on the head caused by poor hygiene)",
"Polish plait, plica polonica"
],
"id": "en-kołtun-pl-noun-1-~4cHAH",
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"mat",
"mat"
],
[
"Polish plait",
"Polish plait"
],
[
"plica polonica",
"plica polonica"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) mat (hard lump of hair on the head caused by poor hygiene)",
"(historical) Polish plait, plica polonica"
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 24 13 0 3 0 0 24 0 6 12 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Hair",
"orig": "pl:Hair",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tangle; knot (disheveled and tangled hair or fur)"
],
"id": "en-kołtun-pl-noun-wBeF59YM",
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"tangle",
"tangle"
],
[
"knot",
"knot"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(derogatory) tangle; knot (disheveled and tangled hair or fur)"
],
"tags": [
"derogatory",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"tangle (something tangled)"
],
"id": "en-kołtun-pl-noun-llS-D9vF",
"links": [
[
"tangle",
"tangle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively, colloquial) tangle (something tangled)"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"figuratively",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Spinning",
"orig": "pl:Spinning",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Łowicz Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tangle (something tangled)",
"tangle of thread"
],
"id": "en-kołtun-pl-noun-aNguII30",
"links": [
[
"tangle",
"tangle"
],
[
"spinning",
"spinning"
],
[
"tangle",
"tangle"
],
[
"thread",
"thread"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively, colloquial) tangle (something tangled)",
"(Łowicz, spinning) tangle of thread"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"figuratively",
"inanimate",
"masculine",
"Łowicz"
],
"topics": [
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"spinning",
"sports"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Suwałki Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tangle (personal problem difficult to get rid of)"
],
"id": "en-kołtun-pl-noun-SaJEk549",
"links": [
[
"tangle",
"tangle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Suwałki, Augustów Governorate) tangle (personal problem difficult to get rid of)"
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Far Masovian Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Suwałki Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Forestry",
"orig": "pl:Forestry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"synonym of kuniec"
],
"id": "en-kołtun-pl-noun-yTK3UQ9y",
"links": [
[
"forestry",
"forestry"
],
[
"kuniec",
"kuniec#Polish"
]
],
"qualifier": "obsolete or Far Masovian",
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete or Far Masovian, Przasnysz, Suwałki, Augustów Governorate, forestry) synonym of kuniec"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "kuniec"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"forestry"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "pl:Medicine",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "17 24 13 0 3 0 0 24 0 6 12 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Hair",
"orig": "pl:Hair",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 17 9 6 6 6 2 14 2 5 15 8",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Plant diseases",
"orig": "pl:Plant diseases",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tangled, twisted mass of hair"
],
"id": "en-kołtun-pl-noun-IVxncD5l",
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"tangled",
"tangled"
],
[
"twisted",
"twisted"
],
[
"hair",
"hair"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial, medicine) tangled, twisted mass of hair"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Western Kraków Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "5 11 7 8 8 7 2 8 16 6 11 10",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Potatoes",
"orig": "pl:Potatoes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"type of potato"
],
"id": "en-kołtun-pl-noun--m-eb3ga",
"links": [
[
"potato",
"potato#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Western Kraków, Rudawa) type of potato"
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɔw.tun/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɔɫ.tun/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Northern Greater Poland"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Central Greater Poland"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Far Masovian"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔɫ.tun]",
"note": "Suwałki"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"tags": [
"Łowicz"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Sieradz"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Western Kraków"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Eastern Kraków"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔɫ.tun]",
"note": "Southern Borderlands"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔwtun"
},
{
"homophone": "Kołtun"
}
],
"word": "kołtun"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "kołtuniasty"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "kołtunowaty"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"noun"
],
"word": "kołtun zagniewany"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "kołtuneria"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "kołtuństwo"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"verb"
],
"word": "kołtunić"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"perfective",
"verb"
],
"word": "skołtunić"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"verb"
],
"word": "kołtunieć"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"perfective",
"verb"
],
"word": "skołtunieć"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "kołtuńsko"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":bor<ref:<span class=\"cited-source\">Boryś, Wiesław (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2005), “kołtun”, in <cite>Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego</cite> (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, <small>→ISBN</small></span></span> !!! <span class=\"cited-source\">Mańczak, Witold (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2017), “kołtun”, in <cite>Polski słownik etymologiczny</cite> (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, <small>→ISBN</small></span></span> !!! <span class=\"cited-source\">Sławski, Franciszek (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1958-1965), “kołtun”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, <cite>Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego</cite> [<cite>Etymological dictionary of the Polish language</cite>] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego</span></span> !!! <span class=\"cited-source\">Brückner, Aleksander (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1927), “kołtun”, in <cite>Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego</cite> [<cite>Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language</cite>] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna</span></span>>",
"3": "zle-muk:ковту́н<ety:af<sla-pro:*kъltati><sla-pro:*-unъ>>",
"etydate": "1600<ref:<span class=\"cited-source\">Maria Renata Mayenowa, <span style=\"cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted currentcolor\" title=\"[[w:pl:Stanisław Rospond (językoznawca)|Stanisław Rospond]], [[w:Witold Taszycki]], [[w:pl:Stefan Hrabec|Stefan Hrabec]], [[w:pl:Władysław Kuraszkiewicz|Władysław Kuraszkiewicz]]\">et al., editors (2010-2023), “kołtun”, in <cite>Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku</cite> [<cite>A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish</cite>]</span></span>>",
"text": "*",
"tree": "+"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Slavic *kъltati\nProto-Balto-Slavic *-ūnas\nProto-Slavic *-ynъ\nProto-Slavic *-unъ\nMiddle Ukrainian ковту́н (kovtún)bor.\nPolish kołtun\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*kъltati\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-ūnas\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-ynъ\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-unъ\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle Ukrainian\", \"term\" : \"ковту́н\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"zle-muk\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"kołtun\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"kołtun\">\nBorrowed from Middle Ukrainian ковту́н (kovtún), from Proto-Slavic *kъltati + *-unъ. First attested in 1600.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Slavic *kъltati\nProto-Balto-Slavic *-ūnas\nProto-Slavic *-ynъ\nProto-Slavic *-unъ\nMiddle Ukrainian ковту́н (kovtún)bor.\nPolish kołtun\nBorrowed from Middle Ukrainian ковту́н (kovtún), from Proto-Slavic *kъltati + *-unъ. First attested in 1600.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kołtunka",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtuński",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtuny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtuna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtuna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtuny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr",
"adj": "kołtuński",
"f": "kołtunka"
},
"expansion": "kołtun m pers (female equivalent kołtunka, related adjective kołtuński)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"koł‧tun"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"koł‧tun"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"nomp": "kołtuny"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"yokel (narrow-minded, backward or limited person)"
],
"id": "en-kołtun-pl-noun-6td3sy1q",
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"yokel",
"yokel"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(derogatory) yokel (narrow-minded, backward or limited person)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "drobnomieszczanin"
},
{
"word": "drobnomieszczuch"
},
{
"word": "filister"
}
],
"tags": [
"derogatory",
"masculine",
"person"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Central Greater Poland Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Eastern Kraków Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Lviv Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sieradz Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Southern Borderlands Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Urban Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "17 24 13 0 3 0 0 24 0 6 12 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Hair",
"orig": "pl:Hair",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 14 9 3 3 3 3 10 2 3 39 3",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Male people",
"orig": "pl:Male people",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 17 9 6 6 6 2 14 2 5 15 8",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Plant diseases",
"orig": "pl:Plant diseases",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Near-synonyms: łyk, mieszczuch"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lesser nobleman; city slicker (person living in the city who is not as wealthy as some others)"
],
"id": "en-kołtun-pl-noun-DvSV4-WR",
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"lesser",
"lesser"
],
[
"nobleman",
"nobleman"
],
[
"city slicker",
"city slicker"
]
],
"qualifier": "obsolete or Central Greater Poland; Southern Borderlands; obsolete or Central Greater Poland; Southern Borderlands",
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete or Central Greater Poland, Kalisz, Sieradz, Eastern Kraków, Stopnica, Southern Borderlands, Lviv, chiefly derogatory) lesser nobleman; city slicker (person living in the city who is not as wealthy as some others)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "łyk"
},
{
"word": "mieszczuch"
}
],
"tags": [
"Lviv",
"derogatory",
"masculine",
"person"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Northern Greater Poland Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"epithet"
],
"id": "en-kołtun-pl-noun-JKOc3V~8",
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"epithet",
"epithet#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "Northern Greater Poland",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Northern Greater Poland, Pałuki, derogatory) epithet"
],
"tags": [
"derogatory",
"masculine",
"person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɔw.tun/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɔɫ.tun/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Northern Greater Poland"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Central Greater Poland"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Far Masovian"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔɫ.tun]",
"note": "Suwałki"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"tags": [
"Łowicz"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Sieradz"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Western Kraków"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Eastern Kraków"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔɫ.tun]",
"note": "Southern Borderlands"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔwtun"
},
{
"homophone": "Kołtun"
}
],
"word": "kołtun"
}
{
"categories": [
"Eastern Kraków Polish",
"Far Masovian Polish",
"Middle Polish",
"Northern Greater Poland Polish",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Pages with inline etymon for redlinks",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish entries with etymology texts",
"Polish entries with etymology trees",
"Polish entries with etymon",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish personal nouns",
"Polish terms borrowed from Middle Ukrainian",
"Polish terms derived from Middle Ukrainian",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Polish terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɔwtun",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɔwtun/2 syllables",
"Sieradz Polish",
"Suwałki Polish",
"Western Kraków Polish",
"pl:Hair",
"pl:Male people",
"pl:Plant diseases",
"pl:Potatoes",
"Łowicz Polish"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low Prussian",
"lang_code": "nds-lpr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Koltung"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":bor<ref:<span class=\"cited-source\">Boryś, Wiesław (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2005), “kołtun”, in <cite>Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego</cite> (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, <small>→ISBN</small></span></span> !!! <span class=\"cited-source\">Mańczak, Witold (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2017), “kołtun”, in <cite>Polski słownik etymologiczny</cite> (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, <small>→ISBN</small></span></span> !!! <span class=\"cited-source\">Sławski, Franciszek (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1958-1965), “kołtun”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, <cite>Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego</cite> [<cite>Etymological dictionary of the Polish language</cite>] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego</span></span> !!! <span class=\"cited-source\">Brückner, Aleksander (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1927), “kołtun”, in <cite>Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego</cite> [<cite>Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language</cite>] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna</span></span>>",
"3": "zle-muk:ковту́н<ety:af<sla-pro:*kъltati><sla-pro:*-unъ>>",
"etydate": "1600<ref:<span class=\"cited-source\">Maria Renata Mayenowa, <span style=\"cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted currentcolor\" title=\"[[w:pl:Stanisław Rospond (językoznawca)|Stanisław Rospond]], [[w:Witold Taszycki]], [[w:pl:Stefan Hrabec|Stefan Hrabec]], [[w:pl:Władysław Kuraszkiewicz|Władysław Kuraszkiewicz]]\">et al., editors (2010-2023), “kołtun”, in <cite>Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku</cite> [<cite>A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish</cite>]</span></span>>",
"text": "*",
"tree": "+"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Slavic *kъltati\nProto-Balto-Slavic *-ūnas\nProto-Slavic *-ynъ\nProto-Slavic *-unъ\nMiddle Ukrainian ковту́н (kovtún)bor.\nPolish kołtun\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*kъltati\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-ūnas\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-ynъ\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-unъ\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle Ukrainian\", \"term\" : \"ковту́н\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"zle-muk\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"kołtun\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"kołtun\">\nBorrowed from Middle Ukrainian ковту́н (kovtún), from Proto-Slavic *kъltati + *-unъ. First attested in 1600.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Slavic *kъltati\nProto-Balto-Slavic *-ūnas\nProto-Slavic *-ynъ\nProto-Slavic *-unъ\nMiddle Ukrainian ковту́н (kovtún)bor.\nPolish kołtun\nBorrowed from Middle Ukrainian ковту́н (kovtún), from Proto-Slavic *kъltati + *-unъ. First attested in 1600.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kołtonik",
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtuny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtuny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtuny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in",
"dim": "kołtonik<l:dialectal>"
},
"expansion": "kołtun m inan (diminutive (dialectal) kołtonik)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"koł‧tun"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"koł‧tun"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"pl:Medicine"
],
"glosses": [
"mat (hard lump of hair on the head caused by poor hygiene)"
],
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"mat",
"mat"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) mat (hard lump of hair on the head caused by poor hygiene)"
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with historical senses",
"pl:Medicine"
],
"glosses": [
"mat (hard lump of hair on the head caused by poor hygiene)",
"Polish plait, plica polonica"
],
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"mat",
"mat"
],
[
"Polish plait",
"Polish plait"
],
[
"plica polonica",
"plica polonica"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) mat (hard lump of hair on the head caused by poor hygiene)",
"(historical) Polish plait, plica polonica"
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish derogatory terms"
],
"glosses": [
"tangle; knot (disheveled and tangled hair or fur)"
],
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"tangle",
"tangle"
],
[
"knot",
"knot"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(derogatory) tangle; knot (disheveled and tangled hair or fur)"
],
"tags": [
"derogatory",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish colloquialisms"
],
"glosses": [
"tangle (something tangled)"
],
"links": [
[
"tangle",
"tangle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively, colloquial) tangle (something tangled)"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"figuratively",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish colloquialisms",
"pl:Spinning",
"Łowicz Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"tangle (something tangled)",
"tangle of thread"
],
"links": [
[
"tangle",
"tangle"
],
[
"spinning",
"spinning"
],
[
"tangle",
"tangle"
],
[
"thread",
"thread"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively, colloquial) tangle (something tangled)",
"(Łowicz, spinning) tangle of thread"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"figuratively",
"inanimate",
"masculine",
"Łowicz"
],
"topics": [
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"spinning",
"sports"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Suwałki Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"tangle (personal problem difficult to get rid of)"
],
"links": [
[
"tangle",
"tangle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Suwałki, Augustów Governorate) tangle (personal problem difficult to get rid of)"
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Far Masovian Polish",
"Polish terms with obsolete senses",
"Suwałki Polish",
"pl:Forestry"
],
"glosses": [
"synonym of kuniec"
],
"links": [
[
"forestry",
"forestry"
],
[
"kuniec",
"kuniec#Polish"
]
],
"qualifier": "obsolete or Far Masovian",
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete or Far Masovian, Przasnysz, Suwałki, Augustów Governorate, forestry) synonym of kuniec"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "kuniec"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"forestry"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish colloquialisms",
"pl:Medicine"
],
"glosses": [
"tangled, twisted mass of hair"
],
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"tangled",
"tangled"
],
[
"twisted",
"twisted"
],
[
"hair",
"hair"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial, medicine) tangled, twisted mass of hair"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Western Kraków Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"type of potato"
],
"links": [
[
"potato",
"potato#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Western Kraków, Rudawa) type of potato"
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɔw.tun/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɔɫ.tun/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Northern Greater Poland"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Central Greater Poland"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Far Masovian"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔɫ.tun]",
"note": "Suwałki"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"tags": [
"Łowicz"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Sieradz"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Western Kraków"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Eastern Kraków"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔɫ.tun]",
"note": "Southern Borderlands"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔwtun"
},
{
"homophone": "Kołtun"
}
],
"word": "kołtun"
}
{
"categories": [
"Eastern Kraków Polish",
"Far Masovian Polish",
"Middle Polish",
"Northern Greater Poland Polish",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Pages with inline etymon for redlinks",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish entries with etymology texts",
"Polish entries with etymology trees",
"Polish entries with etymon",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish personal nouns",
"Polish terms borrowed from Middle Ukrainian",
"Polish terms derived from Middle Ukrainian",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Polish terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɔwtun",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɔwtun/2 syllables",
"Sieradz Polish",
"Suwałki Polish",
"Western Kraków Polish",
"pl:Hair",
"pl:Male people",
"pl:Plant diseases",
"pl:Potatoes",
"Łowicz Polish"
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "kołtuniasty"
},
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "kołtunowaty"
},
{
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"noun"
],
"word": "kołtun zagniewany"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "kołtuneria"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "kołtuństwo"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"verb"
],
"word": "kołtunić"
},
{
"tags": [
"perfective",
"verb"
],
"word": "skołtunić"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"verb"
],
"word": "kołtunieć"
},
{
"tags": [
"perfective",
"verb"
],
"word": "skołtunieć"
},
{
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "kołtuńsko"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":bor<ref:<span class=\"cited-source\">Boryś, Wiesław (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2005), “kołtun”, in <cite>Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego</cite> (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, <small>→ISBN</small></span></span> !!! <span class=\"cited-source\">Mańczak, Witold (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2017), “kołtun”, in <cite>Polski słownik etymologiczny</cite> (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, <small>→ISBN</small></span></span> !!! <span class=\"cited-source\">Sławski, Franciszek (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1958-1965), “kołtun”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, <cite>Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego</cite> [<cite>Etymological dictionary of the Polish language</cite>] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego</span></span> !!! <span class=\"cited-source\">Brückner, Aleksander (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1927), “kołtun”, in <cite>Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego</cite> [<cite>Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language</cite>] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna</span></span>>",
"3": "zle-muk:ковту́н<ety:af<sla-pro:*kъltati><sla-pro:*-unъ>>",
"etydate": "1600<ref:<span class=\"cited-source\">Maria Renata Mayenowa, <span style=\"cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted currentcolor\" title=\"[[w:pl:Stanisław Rospond (językoznawca)|Stanisław Rospond]], [[w:Witold Taszycki]], [[w:pl:Stefan Hrabec|Stefan Hrabec]], [[w:pl:Władysław Kuraszkiewicz|Władysław Kuraszkiewicz]]\">et al., editors (2010-2023), “kołtun”, in <cite>Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku</cite> [<cite>A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish</cite>]</span></span>>",
"text": "*",
"tree": "+"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Slavic *kъltati\nProto-Balto-Slavic *-ūnas\nProto-Slavic *-ynъ\nProto-Slavic *-unъ\nMiddle Ukrainian ковту́н (kovtún)bor.\nPolish kołtun\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*kъltati\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-ūnas\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-ynъ\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-unъ\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle Ukrainian\", \"term\" : \"ковту́н\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"zle-muk\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"kołtun\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"kołtun\">\nBorrowed from Middle Ukrainian ковту́н (kovtún), from Proto-Slavic *kъltati + *-unъ. First attested in 1600.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Slavic *kъltati\nProto-Balto-Slavic *-ūnas\nProto-Slavic *-ynъ\nProto-Slavic *-unъ\nMiddle Ukrainian ковту́н (kovtún)bor.\nPolish kołtun\nBorrowed from Middle Ukrainian ковту́н (kovtún), from Proto-Slavic *kъltati + *-unъ. First attested in 1600.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kołtunka",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtuński",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtuny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtuna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtuna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtunie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kołtuny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr",
"adj": "kołtuński",
"f": "kołtunka"
},
"expansion": "kołtun m pers (female equivalent kołtunka, related adjective kołtuński)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"koł‧tun"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"koł‧tun"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"nomp": "kołtuny"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish derogatory terms"
],
"glosses": [
"yokel (narrow-minded, backward or limited person)"
],
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"yokel",
"yokel"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(derogatory) yokel (narrow-minded, backward or limited person)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "drobnomieszczanin"
},
{
"word": "drobnomieszczuch"
},
{
"word": "filister"
}
],
"tags": [
"derogatory",
"masculine",
"person"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Central Greater Poland Polish",
"Eastern Kraków Polish",
"Lviv Polish",
"Polish derogatory terms",
"Polish terms with obsolete senses",
"Sieradz Polish",
"Southern Borderlands Polish",
"Urban Polish"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Near-synonyms: łyk, mieszczuch"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lesser nobleman; city slicker (person living in the city who is not as wealthy as some others)"
],
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"lesser",
"lesser"
],
[
"nobleman",
"nobleman"
],
[
"city slicker",
"city slicker"
]
],
"qualifier": "obsolete or Central Greater Poland; Southern Borderlands; obsolete or Central Greater Poland; Southern Borderlands",
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete or Central Greater Poland, Kalisz, Sieradz, Eastern Kraków, Stopnica, Southern Borderlands, Lviv, chiefly derogatory) lesser nobleman; city slicker (person living in the city who is not as wealthy as some others)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "łyk"
},
{
"word": "mieszczuch"
}
],
"tags": [
"Lviv",
"derogatory",
"masculine",
"person"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Northern Greater Poland Polish",
"Polish derogatory terms"
],
"glosses": [
"epithet"
],
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"epithet",
"epithet#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "Northern Greater Poland",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Northern Greater Poland, Pałuki, derogatory) epithet"
],
"tags": [
"derogatory",
"masculine",
"person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɔw.tun/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɔɫ.tun/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Northern Greater Poland"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Central Greater Poland"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Far Masovian"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔɫ.tun]",
"note": "Suwałki"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"tags": [
"Łowicz"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Sieradz"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Western Kraków"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔw.tun]",
"note": "Eastern Kraków"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkɔɫ.tun]",
"note": "Southern Borderlands"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔwtun"
},
{
"homophone": "Kołtun"
}
],
"word": "kołtun"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kołtun meaning in All languages combined (19.6kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Suwałki, Augustów Governorate",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Suwałki, Augustów Governorate",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Suwałki, Augustów Governorate",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Suwałki, Augustów Governorate",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: obsolete or Far Masovian, Przasnysz, Suwałki, Augustów Governorate, forestry",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: obsolete or Far Masovian, Przasnysz, Suwałki, Augustów Governorate, forestry",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: obsolete or Far Masovian, Przasnysz, Suwałki, Augustów Governorate, forestry",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: obsolete or Far Masovian, Przasnysz, Suwałki, Augustów Governorate, forestry",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: obsolete or Far Masovian, Przasnysz, Suwałki, Augustów Governorate, forestry",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: obsolete or Far Masovian, Przasnysz, Suwałki, Augustów Governorate, forestry",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Western Kraków, Rudawa",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Western Kraków, Rudawa",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Western Kraków, Rudawa",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Western Kraków, Rudawa",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: obsolete or Central Greater Poland, Kalisz, Sieradz, Eastern Kraków, Stopnica, Southern Borderlands, Lviv, chiefly derogatory",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: obsolete or Central Greater Poland, Kalisz, Sieradz, Eastern Kraków, Stopnica, Southern Borderlands, Lviv, chiefly derogatory",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: obsolete or Central Greater Poland, Kalisz, Sieradz, Eastern Kraków, Stopnica, Southern Borderlands, Lviv, chiefly derogatory",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: obsolete or Central Greater Poland, Kalisz, Sieradz, Eastern Kraków, Stopnica, Southern Borderlands, Lviv, chiefly derogatory",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: obsolete or Central Greater Poland, Kalisz, Sieradz, Eastern Kraków, Stopnica, Southern Borderlands, Lviv, chiefly derogatory",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: obsolete or Central Greater Poland, Kalisz, Sieradz, Eastern Kraków, Stopnica, Southern Borderlands, Lviv, chiefly derogatory",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: obsolete or Central Greater Poland, Kalisz, Sieradz, Eastern Kraków, Stopnica, Southern Borderlands, Lviv, chiefly derogatory",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: obsolete or Central Greater Poland, Kalisz, Sieradz, Eastern Kraków, Stopnica, Southern Borderlands, Lviv, chiefly derogatory",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Northern Greater Poland, Pałuki, derogatory",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Northern Greater Poland, Pałuki, derogatory",
"path": [
"kołtun"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kołtun",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.